Battle of Maldon (English)

The Battle of Maldon
The Translation <poem>

            ...would be broken.
   Then he ordered a warrior each horse be let free,
   driven afar and advance onward,
   giving thought to deeds of arms and to steadfast courage.

5 Then it was that Offa's kinsman first perceived,

   that the Earl would not endure cowardice,
   for he let then from his hand flee his beloved
   falcon towards the woods and there to battle went forth.
   By this a man might understand that this youth would not

10 prove soft at the coming battle, when he takes up arms.

   Further Eadric desired to serve his chief,
   his lord to fight with; and so he advanced forward
   his spear to battle.  He had a dauntless spirit
   as long as he with hands might be able to grasp

15 shield and broad sword: the vow he would carry out

   that he had made before his lord saying he would fight.
       Then Byrhtnoth marshalled his soldiers,
   riding and instructing, directing his warriors
   how they should stand and the positions they should keep,

20 and ordering that their shields properly stand firm

   with steady hands and be not afraid.
   Then when he beheld that people in suitable array,
   he dismounted amid his people, where he was most pleased to
   be, there amid his retainers knowing their devotion.

25 Then stood on the shore, stoutly calling out

   a Viking messenger, making speech,
   menacingly delivering the sea-pirate's
   message to this Earl on the opposite shore standing:
   "I send to you from the bold seamen,

30 a command to tell that you must quickly send

   treasures to us, and it would be better to you if
   with tribute buy off this conflict of spears
   than with us bitter battle share.
   No need to slaughter each other if you be generous with us;

35 we would be willing for gold to bring a truce.

   If you believe which of these is the noblest path,
   and that your people are desirous of assurance,
   then pay the sea-farers on their own terms
   money towards peace and receive peace from us,

40 for we with this tribute will take to our ships,

   depart on the sea and keep peace with you."
       Byrhtnoth spoke, his shield raised aloft,
   brandishing a slender ash-wood spear, speaking words,
   wrathful and resolute did he give his answer:

45 "Hear now you, pirate, what this people say?

   They desire to you a tribute of spears to pay,
   poisoned spears and old swords,
   the war-gear which you in battle will not profit from.
   Sea-thieves messenger, deliver back in reply,

50 tell your people this spiteful message,

   that here stands undaunted an Earl with his band of men
   who will defend our homeland,
   Aethelred's country, the lord of my
   people and land.  Fall shall you

55 heathen in battle! To us it would be shameful

   that you with our coin to your ships should get away
   without a fight, now you thus far
   into our homeland have come.
   You shall not so easily carry off our treasure:

60 with us must spear and blade first decide the terms,

   fierce conflict, is the tribute we will hand over."
       He then ordered their shields taken up, his soldiers
                 advancing
   until on the river-bank they all stood.
   Because of the river they were not able this band of men to
                 fight the other:

65 there came flowing the flood after the tide;

   joining in the tidal stream.  Too long it seemed to him
   until the time when they together with spears join in battle.
       There they on the Pante stream with pride lined the
                 banks,
   East Saxon spears and the sea-raider army;

70 nor might any harm the other

   unless through an arrow's flight death receive.
       Then the tide went out.  The seamen stood ready,
   many Vikings eager for battle.
   Then the heroes' protector ordered that the causeway be held

75 by a warrior stern -- Wulfstan was his name --

   valiant with his people: that was Ceola's son,
   who the first man with his spear slain
   was one who boldly on the causeway stood.
   There fought with Wulfstan warriors fearless,

80 Aelfere and Maccus, two great in courage,

   who would not at this fjord take to flight,
   but stoutly against the enemy defended themselves
   while with their weapons they might wield.
   Then they understood and clearly saw,

85 that this guarding of the causeway was a fierce encounter,

   and so began to use guile, the hateful strangers,
   asked that passage to land they might have,
   to the shore and pass the fjord would this force lead.
      Then the Earl permitted in his great pride

90 to allow land many of these hateful people;

   and so then shouted on the shore of the cold water
   Byrhtelm's child -- and the warriors listened:
   "Now the way is open to you: come quickly to us
   you men to battle.  God alone knows

95 who on this field of honor may be allowed to be the master

   of."
       Then advanced the wolves of slaughter, for water they
   cared not for, this band of Vikings;
   west over the Pante's
   shining water shore they carried their shields,
   these men of the fleet towards land advanced their linden
                 shields.

100 There against the enemy stood ready

   Byrhtnoth with his soldiers.  He with his shield commanded
   to form the battle ranks and that force of men to hold fast
   firmly towards the enemy.  Then was the fight near,
   glory in battle.  The time was come

105 that these doomed men would fall in battle.

   There came the loud clamor.  Ravens circled around,
   eagles eager for carrion.  On Earth was the battlecry.
       They then sent forth from their hands shafts hard as
                 file,
   murderously sharpened spears flew.

110 Bows were busily at work, shields received spears.

   Fierce was that onslaught.  Warriors fell in battle
   on either side, young men lay slain.
       Wounded was Wulfmaer, meeting death on the battlefield,
   Byrhtnoth's kinsman: he with sword was,

115 his sister's son, cruelly hewn down.

   There were the Vikings given requital:
   I hear that Eadweard smote one
   fiercely with his sword, withholding not in his blow,
   so that at his feet fell a doomed warrior;

120 for this he of his people gave thanks for,

   this chamber-thane, when the opportunity arose.
       So stood firm of purpose
   these young men in battle, eagerly giving thought
   to who there with spear-points was first able

125 of doomed men's life destroy,

   warriors with weapons.  The slain in battle fell to Earth.
   Steadfast and unyielding, Byrhtnoth exhorted them,
   bidding that each young warrior's purpose to this battle,
   against the Danes a desire to win glory in war.

130 Advanced again to fierce battle, weapons raised up,

   shields to defense, and towards these warriors they stepped.
   Resolute they approached Earl to the lowest Yeoman:
   each of them intent on harm for the enemy.
   Sent then a sea-warrior a spear of southern make

135 that wounded the warrior lord.

   He thrust then with his shield such that the spear shaft
                 burst,
   and that spear-head shattered as it sprang in reply.
   Enraged became that warrior: with anger he stabbed
   that proud Viking who had given him that wound.

140 Experienced was that warrior; he thrust his spear forward

   through the warrior's neck, his hand guiding
   so that he this ravager's life would fatally pierce.
       Then he with another stab speedily pierced the ravager
   so that the chainmail coat broke: this man had a breast wound

145 cut through the linked rings; through his heart stuck

   a deadly spear.  The Earl was the better pleased:
   laughed then this great man of spirit, thanking the Creator
                 for
   the day's work which the Lord had given him.
   And so then another warrior a spear from the other side

150 flew out of hand, which deeply struck

   through the noble Aethelred's retainer.
   To him by his side stood a young man not fully grown,
   a youth on the battlefield, who valiantly
   pulled out of this warrior the bloody spear,

155 Wulfstan's child, Wulfmaer the younger;

   and so with blinding speed came the shaft in reply.
   The spear penetrated, for that who on the Earth now lay
   among his people, the one who had sorely pierced.
   Went then armed a man to this Earl;

160 he desirous of this warrior's belongings to take off with,

   booty and rings and an ornamental sword.
       Then Byrhtnoth drew his sword from its sheath
   broad and bright of blade, and then struck the man's coat of
                 mail.
   But too soon he was prevented by a certain sea-scavenger,

165 and then the Earl's arm was wounded.

   Fall then to the ground with his gold-hilted sword:
   his grip unable to hold  the heavy sword,
   or wield the weapon.  Then still uttered those words
   of the grey-haired warrior, encouraging the younger warriors,

170 bidding to advance stoutly together.

   Not could he on his feet any longer stand firmly up,
   and so he looked to heaven:
   "I thank you, Lord of my people,
   all the joys which I on this world have experienced.

175 "Now I ask, oh merciful Creator, the greatest hope

   that to you my spirit shall be granted salvation
   that my soul to thee be permitted to journey
   and into your power, King of Angels,
   with peace I depart.  I only beseech that

180 the fiends of hell shall not be permitted to harm me."

       Then he was slain by the heathen warriors;
   and both of those warriors which by him stood,
   Aelfnoth and Wulmaer were each slain,
   close by their lord did they give up their lives.

185 Then turned away from battle those that would not stay:

   there went Odda's child first to flight,
   Godric fled from the battle, and the noble abandoned
   the one which had often given him many a horse.
   He leapt upon the mount of the steed which had once been his
                 lord's,

190 on those trappings of which he was not fit,

   he and with his brothers both galloped away,
   Godwine and Godwig not caring for battle,
   but turned away from this battlefield and to the forest fled,
   seeking a place of safety and to protect their lives,

195 and many more men than what is right were there,

   then if they had acted deservingly and all remembered
   he, who had to them, all benefits did make.
   Thus had Offa on that day first said
   at the meeting place, there at the council,

200 that there would be boldly many a boastful speech

   which at the time of stress would not endure.
       So now was laid low the Chief of this army,
   Aethelred's Earl.  All saw those
   sharers of the hearth that their lord lay slain.

205 But then there advanced onward those splendid retainers,

   undaunted men hastening eagerly:
   they desired all one of two things,
   to leave life or else to avenge their dear lord.
       And so exhorting them to advance was the child of
                 Aelfrices,

210 a warrior young in winters whose words spoke,

   Aelfwine then said, he in valiant talk:
   "Remember the speeches which we had often at mead spoken,
   that we on the bench had loudly uttered vows,
   warriors in the hall, concerning bitter strife:

215 Now may we prove who is truly valiant!

   I am willing that my royal descent be made known to all men,
   that I was of Mercian blood greatly kindred;
   my grandfather was named Ealhelm,
   a wise alderman and very prosperous.

220 Not shall me these people's liegeman reproach

   that I of this army am willing to depart from,
   a homeland seek, now that my lord lies slain
   and hewn down in battle.  Mine is that sorrow greatest:
   he was both my kinsman and my lord."

225 Then he advanced onward, remembering with hostility,

   then he with spear-point pierced one
   pirate in their host, and to the ground lie slain
   killed with the weapon.  He began then to exhorted his
                 comrades,
   friends and compatriots, that they advance onward.

230 Offa spoke, shaking his ashen spear:

   "Lo, thou Aelfwine, have your words thus reminded
   us liegemen to our allegiance.  Now our people's protector
                 lies slain,
   the Earl is on the Earth, and to us all is our need
   that one another encourage each other

235 warriors to battle, while with weapons we are able

   to have and grasp, the hard blade,
   the spear and the good sword.  To us has Godric,
   that cowardly sun of Odda, all betrayed.
   Many men believed, then when he rode on the horse,

240 on that splendid steed, that it was our lord.

   Because of that happening here on the battlefield the people
                 scattered,
   the wall of shields breaking asunder.  Shame on that action,
   for because of him thus many a man was caused to flee!"
   Leofsunu spoke and his linden shield was raised,

245 the board to defense; this warrior replied:

       "I that swear, that from here I will not
   flee a foot's space, as my desire is to advance further,
   avenge in battle-strife my lord and friend.
   I have no desire among Sturmere's unyielding heroes

250 to reproach my word, now that my patron has perished,

   that I now lordless go on a homeward journey,
   having turned away from battle, but rather I shall be taken by
                 weapons,
   either spear or iron."  Wrathfully he advanced,
   fighting resolutely, for he despised flight.

255 Dunnere then said, brandishing his spear,

   a simple yeoman calling out to the entire shore,
   exhorting that each warrior avenge Byrhtnoth:
   "One cannot retreat who intends vengeance
   for our lord of the host, if their lives they care not for."

260 So then they pressed forward, caring not about their lives.

   Then began these retainers to fiercely fight,
   ferocious warriors armed with spears, and praying to God
   that they might avenge their lord and patron
   and on their enemy death make.

265 Thus the hostage himself willingly helped;

   he was a Northumbrian of a brave family,
   Ecglaf's child; he was named Aescferth.
   He hesitated not at the play of battle,
   but shot forward many arrows;

270 here striking a shield, there cutting down a warrior,

   at almost every moment giving out some wound,
   all the while with his weapon he would wield.
       Yet still at the battle front stood Eadweard the tall
   ready and eager, speaking vaunting words

275 that he would not flee a foot's ground,

   or turn away back to the bank, then leave his superior where
                 he lay.
   He broke through that wall of shields and among the warriors
                 fought,
   until his bounteous lord upon those sea-men
   did worthily avenge, and he on the battlefield lie slain.

280 So did Aetheric, noble comrade,

   press forward and eager to advance fight resolutely,
   Sibyrht's brother and very many others;
   splitting the enemy's shields, valiantly they defended
                 themselves.
   Rang the shield rims, and sang the corselets of mail

285 a certain terrible dirge. Then at the battle's height

   Offa a sea-farer sent to the Earth dead,
   and there Gadd's kinsman was laid low to the ground:
   soon it was at battle that Offa was hewn down.
   He had however accomplished that vow to his lord

290 that he had uttered before to his giver of rings,

   that either they both ride to the fortified
   home unhurt or else perish fighting
   on the battlefield and die of their wounds.
   He lay slain nobly near the lord of his people.

295 Then it happened that the shields broke through. The sea-

                 warriors advanced,
   to battle enraged.  Spear often pierced
   the doomed houses of life.  Onward then advanced Wistan,
   Thurhstan's son, to these warriors fought.
   He was among the throng and slew three,

300 before Wigelm's child lay slain in battle.

   There was severe combat.  Stood firm
   did these warriors in battle.  Warriors perished
   exhausted by their wounds.  The slain fell dead to the Earth.
       Oswold and Eadwold all this time,

305 both of these brothers encouraged the soldiers,

   their beloved kinsman they would exhort through words
   that they needed to endure
   without weakening and make use of their weapons.
       Byrhtwold spoke, shield raised aloft --

310 he was an old loyal retainer -- and brandished his spear;

   he very boldly commanded the warriors:
   "Our hearts must grow resolute, our courage more valiant,
   our spirits must be greater, though our strength grows less.
   Here lies our Lord all hewn down,

315 goodly he lies in the dust. A kinsman mourns

   that who now from this battle-play thinks to turn away.
   I am advanced in years.  I do not desire to be taken away,
   but I by my liege Lord,
   by that favorite of men I intend to lie."

320 So then did Aethelgar's child embolden them all,

   Godric to battle.  Often he sent forth spears,
   deadly shaft sped away onto the Vikings;
   thus he on this people went out in front of battle,
   cutting down and smiting, until he too on the battlefield
                 perished.

325 This was not that Godric who from the battle had flown away... </poem>